Journal of Iranian Public Administration Studies

Journal of Iranian Public Administration Studies

The Role of Soft Instruments in Creating Hard Consequences in Governance: A Link between Public Policy and Law Case Study: Trafficking in Person Report

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Masoud Banafi 1
Seyed Mojtaba Ghorashi 2
1 PhD in Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, Tehran University, Qom, Iran.
2 MA in International Law, Law Department, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
10.22034/jipas.2021.314720.1286
Abstract
The convergence of three streams in the international arena has created a new context for making pressure and influencing the national governance in countries. The state-based approach has shifted to governance, the international indicators have paved the way for remote administration and the legal systems have paid much more attention to soft law instead of hard law. In this study, the common components and capacities of these three streams are explained and it is shown that how this linkage has created a strong synergy for making pressure on states. This paper, using case study methodology, scrutinies “Trafficking in Person Report”. It shows that international soft instruments in the global governance context can result in hard consequences, punishment, sanctions and shaming national states; a mechanism which used to be employed in other ways in the past. Findings of this paper will investigate the process and methods of this new type of governance and will present guidelines for Iran policymaking system in facing with this issue. International programs in the form of soft law will become quasi-binding when they employ indicators. This will increase the validity of these indicators and consequently will strengthen the probability of adherence of the states.
Keywords
Governance
Indicator
Soft Law
Public Policy
Human Rights
Trafficking in Person Report
امامیان، سیدمحمدصادق، ذوالفقاری، امیراحمد، محمدزاده، احسان، زمانیان، مرتضی (1397). نظام ملی تنظیم‌گری، مفهوم تنظیم‌گری و ارتباط آن به نظام حکمرانی. مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی. شماره مسلسل گزارش: 15940.
بنافی، مسعود (1399). فهم سازوکارهای شاخص‌های بین‌المللی در هدایت و کنترل کشورها: به سوی طراحی چارچوبی برای مواجهه آگاهانه. پایان‌نامه منتشر نشده دکتری. دانشگاه تهران (دانشکدگان فارابی).
حمیدی‌زاده، علی، دانائی‌فرد، حسن، امامی، سیدمجتبی، بنافی، مسعود (1398). بازخوانی ابعاد شاخص های فراملی در هدایت حکمرانی مورد مطالعه:شاخص سهولت انجام کسب و کار. فصلنامه راهبرد. سال 28، شماره 3. 149-107.
حیدری‌فرد، سجاد (1396). تحول مفهوم حکمرانی در روابط بین‌الملل. فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی بین‌المللی. سال 9، شماره 32، 178-149.
خبرگزاری مهر (1396). اقدام جدید آمریکا علیه ایران در زمینه حقوق بشر. کد خبر 4101717. تاریخ 09/07/1396، دسترسی در mehrnews.com/xJSmx.
دانائی‌فرد، حسن (1395). روش‌شناسی مطالعات دلالت ‌پژوهی در علوم اجتماعی و انسانی: بنیان‌ها، تعاریف، اهمیت، رویکردها و مراحل اجرا. روش‌شناسی علوم انسانی. سال 22، شماره 86. 71-39.
سرمد، زهره، بازرگان، عباس، حجازی، الهه (1394). روش‌های تحقیق در علوم رفتاری. تهران: نشر آگه.
شاکریان، شاهرخ (1392). شناخت حقوق نرم در نظام حقوق بین‌الملل. تهران: نشر میزان.
شیرازی، حسین (1398). تنظیم‌گری به جای تصدی‌گری در سیاست‌گذاری؛ مطالعه موردی: الگوی تعامل نهاد کتابخانه‌های عمومی و بخش کتابخانه‌های شهرداری تهران. فصلنامه دولت‌پژوهی. سال 5، شماره 20، 36-1.
شیروی، عبدالحسین، وکیلی‌مقدم، محمدحسین (1392). ضمانت اجرای فراحقوقی و جایگاه آن در حقوق نرم. دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی. سال 21، شماره 5، 27-1.
هومن، حیدرعلی (1385). راهنمای عملی پژوهش کیفی. تهران: سمت.
یاوری، اسدالله (1393). درآمدی بر مفهوم تنظیم‌گری حقوقی. مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی. سال 5، شماره 2. 647-629.
Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (2000). Hard and soft law in international governance. International organization, 54(3), 421-456.
Blackwell, A., Wilson, L., Boulton, C., & Knell, J. (2010). Creating value across boundaries. Nesta Report. https://www.nesta.org.uk/documents/199/creating_value_across_boundaries.pdf (17/09/2021).
Davis, K. E., Kingsbury, B., & Merry, S. E. (2012). Indicators as a technology of global governance. Law & Society Review, 46(1), 71-104.
Dunoff, J. L., Ratner, S. R., & Wippman, D. (2015). International Law: Norms, Actors, Process. New York: Wolters Kluwer.
Friman, H. R. (2010). Numbers and certification: Assessing foreign compliance in combating narcotics and human trafficking. In P. Andreas & K. M. Greenhill (Eds). Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conlict, 75 –110. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
Gallagher, A. T. (2011). Improving the effectiveness of the international law of human trafficking: A vision for the future of the US trafficking in persons reports. Human Rights Review, 12(3), 381-400.
General Assembly Report (2019). Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. Access at: Shaffer, G. C., & Pollack, M. A. (2009). Hard vs. soft law: Alternatives, complements, and antagonists in international governance. Minnesota. Law Review. 94(1), 706-709.
Johnston, D. M. (2003). Commitment and Compliance: The role of non-binding norms in the international legal system. Edited by Dinah Shelton. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Juurikkala, O. (2009). Law and social norms in contractual relationships. Helsinki Law Review, 3(1), 49-67.
Kelley, J. G., & Simmons, B. A. (2015). Politics by number: indicators as social pressure in international relations. American journal of political science, 59(1), 55-70.
Kelley, J.G.(2017). Scorecard diplomacy: Grading states to influence their reputation and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kersbergen, K.V., & Waarden, F.V. (2004). Governance as a bridge between disciplines: Cross disciplinary inspiration regarding shifts in governance and problems of governability, accountability and legitimacy. European Journal of Political Research, 43(2):143–171.
Kingsbury, B. (2003). The International Legal Order. Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law. Access at: https://www.government.nl/topics/international-peace-and-security/international-legal-order.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Massachusetts: Harvard university press.
Lo, C. (2018). Going from Government to Governance. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
Merry, E. S. (2011). Measuring the world: Indicators, human rights, and global governance. Current Anthropology, 52(3). 83-95.
Merry, S. E. (2015). Firming Up Soft Law.  In T. C. Halliday & G. Shaffer (Eds).  Transnational legal orders, 374-399. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, P. & Nikolas, R. (2008) Governing the Present. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Milward, H. B., & Provan, K. G. (2000). Governing the hollow state. Journal of public administration research and theory, 10(2), 359-380.
Panther, S. (2000). Non-legal sanctions. In B. Bouckaert, & G. De Geest, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 999-1028 Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Rhodes, R. A. (1997). Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Scott, R. E., & Stephan, P. B. (2004). Self-Enforcing International Agreements and the Limits of Coercion. Wisconsin Law Review. 51 (2), 551-630.
Shaffer , G. C., Pollack,  M. A. (2010). Hard vs. soft law: Alternatives, complements, and antagonists in international governance. Minnesota Law Review. 94 (3): 706 –799.
Torfing, J., Peters, B. G., Pierre, J., & Sørensen, E. (2012). Interactive governance: Advancing the paradigm. Oxford: oxford university Press.
United Nation Human Rights (2020). SOFT LAW, HARD CONSEQUENCES. Access at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/UNSRCTbrieferSoftLaw.pdf (19/03/2021).
US Department of State (2021). Trafficking in persons report.  Access at: https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report. (14/05/2021).
Warren , Kay B. (2010). The illusiveness of counting “victims” and the concreteness of ranking countries: Trafficking in persons from Columbia to Japan. In Peter Andreas
& Kelly M., Greenhill Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conlict  (Eds).  110 –126. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.
Journal of Iranian Public Administration Studies
Volume 3, Issue 4 - Serial Number 10
Autumn 2021
Pages 127-152

  • Receive Date 23 July 2021
  • Revise Date 28 September 2021
  • Accept Date 07 October 2021