مطالعات مدیریت دولتی ایران

مطالعات مدیریت دولتی ایران

واکاوی نقش قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار خط‌مشی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
استادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی و گردشگری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
10.22034/jipas.2025.351178.1439
چکیده
هدف: هدف اصلی این مقاله، واکاوی نقش قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار خط‌مشی عمومی است. از آنجا که تنظیم دستورکار حساس‌ترین و حیاتی‌ترین مرحله از چرخه خط‌مشی‌گذاری به شمار می‌آید و جهت و مسیر کلی خط‌مشی‌های آتی را تعیین می‌کند، این پژوهش در پی آن است که چگونگی تأثیرگذاری قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی را به عنوان یک سازوکار کلیدی در این فرایند تحلیل کند. مقاله با استناد به شکاف موجود در ادبیات موضوع، که در آن توجه محدودی به تجلی عملی قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی شده است، درصدد است با شناسایی شاخص‌ها و مؤلفه‌های این نقش، درک عمیق‌تری از چگونگی هدایت یا انحراف دستورکار تحت تأثیر بازیگران مختلف ارائه دهد.
روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش از طرح آمیخته متوالی با وزن نابرابر در سه مرحله کیفی–کیفی–کمی بهره برده است. فرایند پژوهش با تشکیل پنل خبرگان آنلاین برای استخراج محورهای موضوعی کلیدی آغاز شد، سپس با به‌کارگیری نظریه داده‌بنیاد و انجام مصاحبه‌های عمیق، الگوی مفهومی تدوین گردید. در نهایت، از روش دلفی تعدیل‌شده برای اعتبارسنجی کمی اجزای الگوی به‌دست‌آمده استفاده شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با مشارکت گروه‌های مختلفی از خبرگان در این مرحله‌ها انجام گرفت. حجم نمونه در مراحل کیفی بر اساس قاعده اشباع نظری و در مرحله کمی به‌صورت هدفمند، با مشارکت هشت خبره تعیین شد. این رویکرد روش‌شناختی، امکان واکاوی و اعتبارسنجی جامع نقش قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار خط‌مشی را فراهم آورد.
یافته‌های پژوهش: این پژوهش با به‌کارگیری رویکرد ترکیبی متوالی (کیفی-کمی) به واکاوی نقش قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار خط‌مشی عمومی پرداخت. در مرحله کیفی و با استفاده از روش نظریه داده‌بنیاد، داده‌های حاصل از مصاحبه‌های عمیق با خبرگان تحلیل شد که منجر به شناسایی ۲۴۱ کد باز، ۶۳ کد محوری و ۱۹ کد انتخابی گردید. بر این اساس، الگوی نهایی پژوهش در قالب پارادایم کیفی شامل شش بُعد اصلی طراحی شد: شـرایط علّی (مانند نـوع نـظام حاکمیتی، برنامه‌های دولت و نقش گروه‌های ذی‌نفع)، زمینـه (مـانند جریان‌های سیاسی-اجتماعی و توجه به منفعت عامه)، مقوله محوری (سازوکار تأثیرگذاری قدرت در تنظیم دستورکار)، راهبردها (از جمله گفتمان‌سازی و مشارکت همه‌جانبه)، شرایط مداخله‌گر (مانند لابی‌کردن و استفاده از سازوکارهای سیاسی) و پیامدها (شامل نتایج مثبت مانند انسجام فرایند و نتایج منفی مانند قطبیدگی سیاسی). در مرحله کمی و با اجرای روش دلفی تعدیل‌شده، مؤلفه‌های شناسایی‌شده مورد تأیید و اولویت‌بندی هشت خبره قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج، مؤلفه‌های «نقش گروه‌های ذی‌نفع و ذی‌نفوذ» و «استفاده از سازوکارهای سیاسی» به عنوان مؤثرترین عوامل شناخته شدند، در حالی که مؤلفه‌هایی مانند «نوع الگوی خط‌مشی‌گذاری» کمترین اولویت را کسب کردند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که قدرت سیاسی می‌تواند هم به عنوان عامل تسهیل‌گر و هم به عنوان عامل مختل‌کننده در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار عمل کند و موفقیت آن منوط به مدیریت زمینه‌های نهادی و اجتماعی است.
نتیجه‌گیری: این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که قدرت و نفوذ سیاسی، به عنوان یک سازوکار کلیدی، نقش دوگانه‌ای در فرایند تنظیم دستورکار خط‌مشی عمومی ایفا می‌کند. از یک سو، می‌تواند با ایجاد هماهنگی، اجماع و پیشبرد امور پیچیده، به پیامدهای مثبت منجر شود و از سوی دیگر، در صورت فقدان مدیریت صحیح، سبب قطبیدگی، تغییر جهت فرایند و شکل‌گیری خط‌مشی‌های جناحی گردد. یافته‌ها مؤید آن است که برای مهار تبعات منفی و تقویت آثار سازنده این نفوذ، اتخاذ راهبردهایی همچون شفاف‌سازی، تقویت مسئولیت‌پذیری نهادها و بهره‌گیری از مشارکت نخبگان در قالب یک مدیریت اقتضایی، امری ضروری و راهبردی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Exploring the Role of Political Power and Influence in the Policy Agenda Setting Process

نویسنده English

Javad Madani
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration and Tourism, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
چکیده English

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to explore and explain the role of political power and influence in the agenda-setting process of public policy. Since agenda-setting is considered the most sensitive and crucial stage in the policy-making cycle—one that determines the overall direction of future policies—this study seeks to analyze how political power and influence operate as key mechanisms in this process. Referring to the existing gap in the literature, where limited attention has been paid to the practical manifestation of political power and influence, the study aims to identify the main indicators and components of this role and provide a deeper understanding of how different actors can guide or divert the policy agenda.
Methodology: This research employed a sequential mixed-method design with unequal weighting across three phases: qualitative–qualitative–quantitative. The research process began with an online expert panel to identify key thematic axes, followed by the application of grounded theory and in-depth interviews to develop a conceptual model. Finally, a modified Delphi method was used to quantitatively validate the components of the derived model. Data were collected with the participation of various groups of experts in these phases. The sample size in the qualitative phases was determined by the principle of theoretical saturation, while in the quantitative phase, eight experts were purposefully selected. This methodological approach enabled a comprehensive exploration and validation of the role of political power and influence in the agenda-setting process of public policy.
Findings: Using a sequential mixed approach (qualitative–quantitative), this research investigated the role of political power and influence in the agenda-setting process of public policy. In the qualitative phase, based on grounded theory, data obtained from in-depth interviews with experts were analyzed, leading to the identification of 241 open codes, 63 axial codes, and 19 selective codes. Accordingly, the final model was developed in the form of a qualitative paradigm encompassing six main dimensions: causal conditions (such as type of governance system, government programs, and the role of interest groups), contextual factors (such as political–social dynamics and public interest orientation), the core category (the mechanism of power influence in agenda-setting), strategies (including discourse formation and broad participation), intervening conditions (such as lobbying and the use of political mechanisms), and consequences (including positive outcomes like process coherence and negative outcomes such as political polarization). In the quantitative phase, using the modified Delphi method, the identified components were confirmed and prioritized by eight experts. The results indicated that the components “role of interest and influential groups” and “use of political mechanisms” were the most influential factors, while components such as “type of policy-making model” received the lowest priority. The findings demonstrate that political power can act both as a facilitator and as a disrupting factor in the agenda-setting process, and its success depends on managing institutional and social contexts.
Conclusion: The study shows that political power and influence, as a key mechanism, play a dual role in the agenda-setting process of public policy. On one hand, they can lead to positive outcomes through coordination, consensus-building, and advancing complex policy issues; on the other hand, in the absence of proper management, they may result in polarization, process deviation, and the emergence of partisan policies. The findings suggest that to mitigate the negative effects and strengthen the constructive aspects of this influence, strategies such as enhancing transparency, reinforcing institutional accountability, and encouraging elite participation within a contingency-based management framework are essential and strategic.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Policy
Agenda setting
Political Power and Influence
Mixed Study
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  • تاریخ دریافت 29 مرداد 1403
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